Hepatitis B infection: An overview

Hepatitis B infection: An overview HEPATITIS B What is hepatitis B? Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Chronic hepatitis B is a long-term infection of the liver that can sometimes develop after a bout of acute or short term, hepatitis B. How does a person get hepatitis B? The virus that causes hepatitis B is spread through contact with infected blood or other body fluids of people who have hepatitis B. For example, you can get hepatitis B by having unprotected sex with an infected person. People who use intravenous drugs can get hepatitis B when they share needles with someone who has the virus. Health care workers, such as nurses, lab technicians and doctors, can get these infections if they are accidentally stuck with a needle that was used on an infected patient. Pregnant women who are infected with hepatitis B can also pass the virus on to their babies. Hepatitis B cannot be transmitted through casual contact. For example, you cannot get hepatitis B by hugging or shaking hands with someone who is infected. How long does it take chronic hepatitis to develop after acute hepatitis B? The time between the acute illness and signs of chronic hepatitis B varies. It may take a short time, or it may be years after the acute infection before chronic hepatitis B develops. How is hepatitis B diagnosed? Blood tests are used to diagnose hepatitis B. Blood tests can tell your doctor whether your liver is working properly, and they can also be used to follow your condition during treatment. Your doctor may want to look at your liver with an ultrasound exam or x-rays. A liver biopsy may also be needed. With a liver biopsy, a small piece of the liver is removed through a needle and looked at under a microscope. A liver biopsy can help your doctor diagnose your illness and see the condition of your liver directly. What are the symptoms of hepatitis B? The symptoms of hepatitis B are: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice (the skin turns yellow), weakness, fatigue, or brown urine (may look like tea), Symptoms of hepatitis B can range from mild to severe. If you have a mild case of hepatitis, you may not even realize that you have it. It may not cause symptoms or may only cause symptoms similar to the stomach flu. What are the complications of chronic hepatitis B? People with chronic hepatitis B may not have any symptoms at all. In some people, chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis of the liver. Cirrhosis occurs when the liver cells die and are replaced by scar tissue and fat. The damaged areas of the liver stop working and cant cleanse the body of wastes. The early stages of cirrhosis may not have symptoms, but the following symptoms may arise as cirrhosis gets worse and more of the liver is damaged: weight loss, fatigue, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite, Cirrhosis can lead to liver failure and even liver cancer. If you have hepatitis B, you are also susceptible to hepatitis D (also called Delta agent). Hepatitis D can only develop in people who already have hepatitis B. It can make your symptoms of hepatitis B or liver disease worse. It is spread through contact with infected blood or other body fluids of people who have hepatitis D. How is chronic hepatitis B treated? If you have chronic hepatitis B, your family physician will probably refer you to a gastroenterologist or other subspecialist that treats people with chronic liver problems. There are a number of medical treatments available that are often successful. These include Interferon alfa-2b and other antiviral medicines. Treatment may take a year or more, depending on the severity of the infection and the response to treatment. Can hepatitis B be prevented? The best way to prevent hepatitis B is to have protected sex (use a condom) and to avoid sharing needles. A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis B. It is now routinely given in the first year of life to all newborn infants. It is safe and requires 3 shots over a 6-month period. This vaccine should be given to people who are at high risk for this illness, such as health care workers, all children, drug users, people who get tattoos or body piercing, and those with multiple sex partners. (Hepatitis B, 2007a) (Hepatitis B, 2007b) (Viral hepatitis B, 2007) References Hepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from eMedicine Health website: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/hepatitis_b/article_em.htm Hepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from World Health Organization website: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs204/en/ Viral hepatitis B. (2007). Retrieved December 30, 2007, from CDC website: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/

American Home Products Corporation Essay

American Home Product Corporation (AHP), a highly growing American company, has four business lines: prescription drugs, packaged drugs, food products, house wares and household products. Its policies include: -A tight financial control and maintained an aggressive capital structure policy. – Make money for its stockholders and to maximize profits by minimizing cost. – It has been able to finance internally its growth while paying a very high portion of its earning to its shareholders (60%). Currently, AHP seems to have no business risk but may face a certain risk in the long run. Based on the ratios shown on the attached sheet, AHP should not worry about business risk since its working capital is very healthy ($1472.8 million) and cash excess $233 million. The high ROA, high profit margin, low current-to-asset ratio and 49.71 collection days show that AHP can generate cash quickly, thus it can maintain current high growth rate. However, it’s decreasing annual sales growth from 14.1% in 1978 to 8.8% in 1981 (exhibit 1) shows that it faces future risk of losing market shares in all its business lines if it does not foresee competition and continues to focus on increasing stockholders’ value. AHP’s current financial performance is very good since it has high ROE (30.3), high quick ratio (42.68), low debt-to-equity ratio (0.09) and low debt-to-asset ratio (0.01). However, an analysis of different debt ratios shows that if AHP increases debt ratio, it will face a financial risk of increased debt-to-equity and debt-to-asset ratios. In other words, it will face solvency problems in long terms. AHP also face liquidity problems since the quick ratios decrease when the debt ratios increase. 2 The proposed mechanism follows a dual mechanism of leveraging:- (a) Increase the Debt Equity Ratio. (b) Buy back the shares. This also results in the following:- (i) Improves EPS as the amount gets shared by lesser number of shares. (ii)Improves Price / earnings ratio (iii) The excess capital gets utilized. (iv)Sends a +ve signal to the market and share prices likely to increase. (v) Improves Return on Equity ratio. The calculations enclosed indicate that the best option in accordance with the company stated policy would be to have Debt-Equity Ratio of 70%. Shareholders’ value increases when debt ratios increase. EPS increases from $3.18 to $3.49. The dividend payout ratio also increases from 0.597 to 0.602. Similarly, the dividend yield from 0.063 to 0.070. It means that the company can increase shareholders’ value by increasing debt ratios. However the following needs to be considered:- (i) The valued net worth of the firm which decreases may not convey the correct picture to the investor and thus negating the positive signals of buy back of shares. (ii) The firm has no strategy related to R&D in new products and focuses on me-too products thus constituting a large business risk. (iii) The firm would reduce the cash to debt ratio substantially exposing itself to financial risk. The closest competitor has Debt – Equity Ratio of 30% which if taken as a benchmark gives a conservative method of deciding the proposed leveraging, however this does not maximize the shareholder value, but is in line with the strong conservatism philosophy of the firm. It also gives a better Return on Assets ratio and has a safer Debt to Cash ratio. Even though AHP has a very good current financial performance, it should change the financial policy to increase debt ratio at a certain level. To meet the goal of increasing shareholders’ value, AHP should not use its excess cash flow to repurchase its stocks because this is only a temporary solution and may generate serious financial problems in the long run. Instead, AHP should use this excess cash to invest in profitable projects to improve its current products and launch new products that meet current market demands. By doing so, AHP can minimize the business risk, prepare itself for competition and increase sales growth. On the other hands, AHP should increase debt ratio to a certain level that is suitable for its  business to increase shareholders’ value. Also it should continue to exercise tight monetary policies as earlier to pay off the debt in a disciplined manner This solution does not bring financial risk to AHP but enable it to minimize business risk. If AHP remains only concerned about how to increase shareholders’ value and ignores market threats, it might lose its business to its competitors.

Astonishing Details Regarding Argumentative Essay Topics Tobacco Uncovered

Astonishing Details Regarding Argumentative Essay Topics Tobacco Uncovered New Ideas Into Argumentative Essay Topics Tobacco Never Before Revealed You don't need to find super technical with legal argumentative essays, but be certain to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Now you know the fundamental argumentative essay template, as well as a few of the specifics of writing this kind of essay, let's discuss some topics you could write about and ways you are able to brainstorm new topics. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. Then, it's essential to offer a crucial review of the literature regarding the matter under discussion. In scenarios when you get to pick the topic for an argumentative essay, you need to be wise and locate a title that will intrigue a reader. If you're struggling, you always have the option to get help by employing an essay writing service such as ours. Even if it must be read, as in the instance of essay writing assignments in a university setting, a fine introduction provides the reader a very good preliminary impression, entices. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. You are able to order a top-notch customized essay from us, and we're going to deal with everything, or all you have to do is benefit from our paper editing and rewriting services. Writing an argumentative essay can at times be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. You devote a good deal of education on writing argumentative essays. Our writers use their abilities and abilities to fulfill the wants and necessities of our clientele. Professional essay writers at 5staressays can help you, when you're looking for specialists to guide you. To locate argumentative essay topics easy on various platforms, you will need to comprehend about the argumentative essay. Writing a persuasive, argumentative essay can be challenging, and at times it can find a little confusing. You will probably locate a different and terrific topic you will love to write about. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Tobacco is quite an enormous business which gives lot of revenue. Tobacco industry proceeds to persuade several people that smoking isn't associated with numerous health risks. Although adults smoke, tobacco businesses attempt to draw more teens, since they are simpler to persuade and can be a lengthy time consumer. Thus, a ban on tobacco wouldn't be an effective means to minimize the variety of smokers. Since you may see, banning tobacco isn't going to stop individuals from deciding to smoke. In fact, tobacco industry doesn't reveal the real truth about tobacco. What's the Iron Lady's role on earth history. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you presently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Regardless of what, don't forget that there's a group of highly qualified experts on the internet who can make a genuine jewel out of your smoking essay. For instance, you can write about something that personally affects you or somebody you know. Argumentative essay is about arguing and debating on a subject, which is debatable. You should make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. The argumentative essay structure is comparable to that of different essays, but it has a couple of unique elements that you should look out for. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Your reader ought to be convinced your argument is valid. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points which you can counter to your own points. You'll end up lost without having the ability to make an argument and develop it correctly. You may also list any opposing arguments, and your rebuttals.

The Inspirations from the Mayan Ballgame - 1515 Words

The Pre-Columbian peoples of the Mesoamerican area are a population that has since fascinated historians and archaeologists to this day. Exploration and investigation has brought to light the great advancements these civilizations made in the areas of art, technology, and even astronomy. By means of examining and analyzing the remains, the massive structures and artifacts left behind by the early people of these civilizations, we have come to know of their rich culture and traditions. One group that we know a great deal of, the Classic Maya, exhibited a culture that was not only sophisticated and ahead of its time, but also one of great art and rituals. What was of great significance to these people was the Mayan Ballgame. The†¦show more content†¦These Lords stand for all that is bad. Death, disease, sadness – everything is now restricted to the Underworld. According to the Popol Vuh, after their defeat â€Å"only the worthless will yield themselves before [t he Lords].† No longer would the Lords torment randomly, only those that deserve it. This tale teaches the Mayans to act morally. The Twins exhibit qualities of virtue and devotion and were even resurrected into the heavens. This gives the Mayan people a reason to act in a way the Twins would have, in hopes gaining everlasting life with the gods. This tale of the first ballgame played, between Lords and gods, is a tale that teaches the Mayans the proper way to behave, and has taught historians of the higher powers that guide their actions. The Popol Vuh tells the origins of the ballgame, and it is so significant to the people that it is ritualized for generations. The Mayan ballgame is also important in that it was crucial in their rituals and civilization, being almost at the center of Mayan culture. According to the article written by Friedel, Schele, and Parker, the ballgame served as ritual ceremony – a reenactment of the first ballgames ever played between the Hero Twins and the Lords of the Underworld. The authors stated that players would wear headdresses and godly symbols personifying the gods or Dieties. The players representedShow MoreRelatedMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageswell-known successes. While mistakes provide valuable learning insights, we can also learn from successes and find nuggets by comparing the unsuccessful with the successful. With the addition of Google and Starbucks, we have moved Entrepreneurial Adventures up to the front of the book. We have continued Marketing Wars, which many of you recommended, and reinstated Comebacks of firms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations

Racial Discrimination And Its Impacts On Today s Society

Racial discrimination has been a controversial topic throughout US history. The social construction of race influences access to valuable resources in society, as well as categorizes people into a certain â€Å"class† which allows for minimal movement in this so-called social stratification system. Many believe that racism arose from inequalities dating back from the 1600’s. Some believe that the only way to solve the issue is through reparation; however, others think reparation will only threaten America’s pride and nationalism. To look at the controversy surrounding reparation, we can look at the separate views held by Ta-Nehisi Coates and Kevin B Williamson. Ta-Neshi Coates explains that we should acknowledge slavery and its impacts on today’s society, while Kevin B. Williamson explains that it is not necessary to note and the cost of America’s pride is more significant than the cost of acknowledging the effects of slavery. In a speech to the City Club of Cleveland, advocate Ta- Nehisi Coates argues, â€Å"we see policy after policy after policy of plunder† in addressing race relations. He, along with other supporters of reparation, believes that if African-Americans are compensated, inequalities will not exist and blacks can start their lives over with just as much freedom and abilities as whites. Further, in his â€Å"Case for Reparations† Coates highlights multiple instances of racial discrimination throughout history that led to more of a divide among Blacks and Whites. For example,Show MoreRelatedRacial Inequality And Gender Inequality889 Words   |  4 PagesIn today s world discrimination is a racial inequality when it come to different races in the United states. Discrimination has been around for years and have created a social inequality , economic crises and have lowered individuals into a group known as the â€Å" racial minorities â€Å".Racial minorities can be classified as older people , women , immigrants and young men and women. Women from the early 1600’s to today s women have been discriminated against for years. Women have never had the sameRead MoreThe Importance Of Language For Aboriginal People1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of language for Aboriginal people In 1788, when the settlers arrived in Australia, there were about 250 Indigenous languages. These distinct languages had many dialects. Today, there are about 145 languages spoken by Aboriginals, however only 18 languages remain strong in Australia. Language is a sense of identity for the Aboriginal people, is a way to communicate. Language is individual to specific tribes and unique to people and communities. Language is used to pass on cultural knowledgeRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Injustice1257 Words   |  6 Pagesas racism. For centuries, racism has been a part of society, shaping the way humans view each other, but with the aid of Young Women s Christian Association (YWCA) - Stand Against Racism, racial discrimination and injustice can be eliminated. All across the United States, African Americans are faced with racial prejudice, a negative attitude towards a group of people based on race — not on direct knowledge or experience. This kind of racial prejudice began in the 17th and 18th centuries, whenRead MoreRacial Profiling, An Unjust Act And A Big Problem1452 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the 11 Facts about Racial Discrimination, â€Å"The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics concluded that an African American male born in 2001 has a 32% chance of going to jail in his lifetime, while a Latino male has a 17% chance, and a white male only has a 6% chance† (11 Facts about Racial Discrimination 1). Racial profiling, or discriminating against a whole group of people based on their race, is an unjust act and a big problem in our society today. Arresting people because of how they lookRead MoreThe Stress on Americas Equality Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn America’s society, equality has always been a reoccu rring issue. All the way from early slavery and the Holocaust to discrimination toward African Americans, females, and now same-sex marriages. As much as our world focuses on becoming equal, each culture deals with it’s own differences. In Michael Jackson’s song, â€Å"Black or White† compared with Macklemore and Ryan Lewis’ song, â€Å"Same Love,† they each approach the same topic encompassing equality. Songs from completely two different generationsRead MoreRacism Essay852 Words   |  4 Pageshis or her characteristics. Racial separatism is the belief, most of the time based on racism, that different races should remain separate and apart from one another.Racism has existed throughout human history. It may be described as the hatred of one person or by one another. It is the belief that another person is less than human due to the color of skin, language, and place of birth. It has influenced our society today. Around the mid 1950’s to late 1960’s the civil rights movement hadRead MoreRacial Discrimination : Racism And Discrimination1244 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you know who to discriminate against. What type of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? Why is racial discrimination still relevant? I guess the real question will be is how to overcome racial discrimination. The beginning of racial discrimination stems from when the European settlers landed in America and conquered the NativeRead MoreRacial Discrimination in Canadas Workplace1620 Words   |  7 PagesRacial discrimination in the workplace has been a persistent theme in Canada’s history as well as present-day times. The occurrence of actions and attitudes that impose a sense of one being less equal than another on the basis of one’s race in Canada’s workplace inhibits both our nation’s ability to move forward as well as strengthen unification within our country. The belief in a more egalitarian society, where one’s race and ethnic background have little to no impact on employees (or potentialRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Blacker The Berry1638 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Racial Discrimination is dreadful. It’s a social conflict against those who are a slightly different based on appearance. It has indeed become a well-known issue, which has created problems throughout the world. This issue is so distributing that it has incredibility-impacted society, especially influenced artists to incorporate the current issue into their songs. For instance, artists like Kendrick Lamar have expressed the issue of racial discrimination. In his song â€Å"The Blacker theRead MoreAddress Racial Inequalities : Past And Present1247 Words   |  5 Pagesaddress Racial Inequalities: Past and Present Introduction It is no secret that racial inequalities exist today and have for many years now. They have existed at many levels including institutional, collective, and personal. In this paper, I plan to show how previous policies created these inequalities, and explain how we can address these issues at all levels. I will also show which policies have had an impact on minorities in contributing to greater equality. For racial inequality

Managerial Decision Making in the Aerospace Industry Case Study Free Essays

As in many other industries, the IT has changed the way of performing management process. For example, the cost management process went from hand-written and mainframe computers to sophisticated software applications that help reducing the workload, headcount, and expedite the job completion. Also, this helps improving the outcome quality and increase productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Decision Making in the Aerospace Industry Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The managerial accounting process in the aerospace industries follows a certain steps. The success of each of the steps depends heavily on the previous step, any break of inefficiency of one or more of the steps will collapse the whole process. Organizations have to chose between operating a commercial-of-the-shelf software of invest in designing a special software. The companies that chose to operate the commercial software will be able to use it in for operations such as cost estimating, analysis, and proposal pricing. While the special designed software allows more specific operations, it requires a substantial investment to create and operate. Accurate estimation is critical for the financial success and it allows the organization to successfully propose price decision, source of investment. The Department of Defense requires contractor to have an â€Å"acceptable† estimating system. There are different estimate methods such as round table, comparison, detailed, and parametric. A combination of the four methods could be used based of the needs and timing. The pricing proposal step is one of the complexes and demanding functions that requires an analysis for alternative program plans and schedule, prospective cash flow and return on investment, satisfy internal management views, and respond to the costumers’ expectations. The project cost has been depending on applications that were designed internally to help account manager to analyze the cost. After that, some companies created software that targeted the aerospace industry to help them with project scheduling and earned value. The continuous change of requirement made by DOD forces the aerospace industry to accommodate the new demands and there was more application software available. The constant change of requirements and imposing new regulations by the government and implementation of the advanced software applications have greatly improved the productivity of the cost analysis managers and reduce the workload on the contractors. This resulted in having more effective cost analysis staff that performs better in satisfying the requirements in less time and cost, and provides an more accurate information. How to cite Managerial Decision Making in the Aerospace Industry Case Study, Free Case study samples

Consequences of Our Actions free essay sample

The Consequences of our Actions Dictionary. com defines consequences as the result or outcome of something that occurred earlier. Every action that we have has a consequence or punishment goes along with it. That applies for all people, from a young child to an experienced adult. For those actions we all are responsible for our actions and the repercussions that come along with it. We are all responsible for what we do, what we say, and what we allow other people do. Newton said in his laws of physics that every action has an equal and opposite reaction. What we do as our actions is something that will stay with us for a life time. We can never undo what we have done and we will be punished for that. If a small child paints all over the wall they will be reprimand and punished by their parents. If an adult steals something from a store they will be punished in the court of law. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequences of Our Actions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One’s actions come from one’s thoughts. In our case of the cheating our actions came from lazy thoughts of not wanting to put in the time and do the work. The things that we say are also deserving of consequences. My momma always said to me not to say anything that you wouldn’t your grandmother to hear. Once you say something out loud to someone you can never take that back. They can use whatever you say and tell it to anyone. You plan on saying something for only a few people around you and then that word spreads to people that you will stir a fight with or get in trouble with. You must be careful at all times what you say, when you say it, and who you say it to. Finally, when we allow other people to do things that we know are wrong, consequences will come. If we aid in other people to cheat it is still bad. It does not justify what we did even if I did not cheat while doing my work. It is now quite apparent that the consequences for helping someone when you are not supposed to are the same as if you were the one who was cheating. I have also learned that from now one if I see someone who looks to be cheating off of my work or how much someone ask me for an answer or question about the assignment, I cannot support or condone that kind of activity. All of our actions will have consequences and we must be able to stand up and to own up to the punishments. There will be a consequence for cheating and we have to serve that consequence.